a) social movements, organised adult learning, and the circulation of political, economic, social, and cultural knowledge in relation to ideas for social reform;b) forms of knowledge, methods of learning, and change-oriented learning activities in relation to mobilising group and individual participation in movement learning activities;c) social organisation of communication and learning in relation to institutionalised ‘formal’ learning; and/or, sociability of non-formal ‘mutual learning’; and/or, informal schemes of ‘selforganised learning’ characterised by autodidactic activities;d) organising and delivering learning activities intended for a) national and local organisers of ‘movement education’, or b) for the rank-and-file membership of political, social, workers, women’s, suffrage, and temperance movements;e) studies of communication and learning involving migrant, émigré, refugee, and exiled diaspora communities.