Mo­des of go­ver­nan­ce are con­tracts, net­works, bu­reau­cra­cy, coope­ra­ti­on or mar­kets; in other words, the or­ga­ni­sa­tio­nal so­lu­ti­ons for ma­king in­sti­tu­ti­ons ef­fec­tive and gua­ran­te­e­ing rights and du­ties. New mo­des of go­ver­nan­ce re­fer not on­ly to the pro­cess of po­li­cy for­mu­la­ti­on (re­qui­re­ments for im­pact as­sess­ments and in­te­gra­ted mo­del­ling) and to the de­sign of po­li­cies (de­cen­tra­li­sa­ti­on, bot­tom-