The 2026 Annual Report on Taxation (ART) takes stock of taxation and tax-related trends in the European Union (EU) Member States. In a context of further macroeconomic shocks and uncertainty, the interplay between tax...
This report is the response to a policy request submitted by DG Environment to the EC Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity (KCBD) through the KCBD ticketing system. KCBD assigned this to the BioAgora project, to be answe...
Land degradation is widespread across the European Union (EU) and refers to the long-term decline in the quality and productivity of land resources due to various factors, including human activities and natural proces...
The Young Citizens Assembly on Pollinators (hereafter YCAP) aimed to provide a space for young Europeans to engage in discussions about pollinators and biodiversity through a deliberative process. It was organised on ...
The Soil Degradation Dashboard developed by the EU Soil Observatory (EUSO) provides the first ever EU-wide assessment of the location and the intensity of relevant soil degradation processes.
This European Red List of Moths provides a comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk of moth species across Europe and the EU27, contributing to the wider effort to measure the state of European biodiversity. Th...
It is a familiar picture for many of us: on a warm summer night, we see moths fluttering around our porch lights or finding their way into our homes. However, while this appears a familiar scene, moths – like other ...
Climate change is increasingly recognised as a systemic risk affecting Europe's environment, economy, infrastructure and societal well-being. In response, climate resilience has become a strategic priority of the Euro...
This report examines the enforcement of EU labour mobility and social security coordination rules as applied to aircrew – pilots and cabin crew – working in the commercial air transport (CAT) sector. The sector’...
This Brief assesses the current state of Europe’s preparedness and resilience, the progress made over the past few years as well as existing limitations. It then suggests ways to elevate resilience to a core pillar ...
While Russia’s war in Ukraine quickly stagnated, its broader ideological and informational conflict with the West spread to the Global South. Seeking to circumvent sanctions regimes, build international support and ...
This paper examines how the European Union (EU) promotes gender equality in development cooperation through gender mainstreaming and targeted gender-equality actions. It asks whether this twin-track approach delivers ...
he repeated occurrence of supply-chain disruptions since the COVID-19 pandemic reveals the need to complement traditional macroeconomic frameworks with approaches that better capture the complexity of modern economic ...
This paper surveys research from the ESCB ChaMP Research Network on how ongoing structural change is affecting monetary policy transmission in the euro area. It shows that transmission is state-dependent and varies sy...
This study examines the changing function of Smart Specialisation Strategies (S3) as a strategic framework for regional innovation and economic transformation across EU regions. Initially introduced as ex ante conditi...
Measuring geopolitical and geoeconomic tensions has become pertinent for economic analysis following the tectonic geopolitical shifts in recent years. This period has also been marked by unprecedented levels of digita...
This report represents the first Annual Observatory Report on the Interregional Innovation Investments (I3) Instrument. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of the implementation of the ...
This foresight study presents the risks new and emerging plant pests pose to agriculture, food security, the economy, and the environment in the European Union (EU). It examines how global trade and tourism, climate c...
This short-term outlook edition provides market prospects for key EU agricultural markets in 2026 and 2027. It is based on market intelligence available until mid-June 2026. Presented prospects consider the most recen...
The European Food Risk Assessment (EU-FORA) Fellowship Programme is a key initiative for ensuring preparedness for future risk analysis needs. The aim of the programme is to increase the pool of food safety risk asses...
The Critical Raw Materials Act aims to strengthen secure, resilient and sustainable value chains for strategic raw materials. Article 26 turns circularity into an implementation priority, requiring Member States to de...
This study analyses the United States’ (US) critical minerals strategy, mapping its institutional framework, policy instruments and value-chain priorities. It provides a comparative analysis with the EU’s approach...
This briefing assesses the unexploited potential of Directive 2011/24/EU on patients’ rights in crossborder healthcare over the period 2015-2026 and proposes targeted reforms. The analysis focuses on National Contac...
The proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directives 2001/18/EC and 2010/53/EU as regards the placing on the market of genetically modified micro-organisms and the processing ...
As the European Union prepares to redefine its external financing framework for the next Multiannual Financial Framework, the proposed Global Europe Instrument raises key questions about the future place of human righ...
The European Union’s new Anti-Corruption Package, adopted on 3 May 2023, is a major initiative aimed at combating corruption in its many manifestations. This action comes at a time when the knowledge, skills and exp...
Energy poor households experience inadequate levels of essential energy services (adequate warmth, cooling, lighting and energy to power appliances) to guarantee a decent standard of living and health, due to a combin...
The European Union (EU) has an urgent need to achieve the ambitious climate-neutrality targets by 2050, emphasizing the acceleration of clean energy transitions towards decarbonization and sustainable economic growth....
The harp has long symbolised Ireland’s rich cultural heritage. Today, research and innovation are adding new notes to that tradition. EU-funded researchers in Ireland are working in fields such as healthcare and dig...
The European Commission launched this study to provide an overview of the best practices, challenges, and considerations relating to electricity TSO tariff regimes across Europe. The study aims to demonstrate which po...
In an ECA Journal on the theme of The EU’s digital transition and AI, this editorial might just be generated by AI, or at least with the help of AI. Using input from others, actually from all of you, putting data in...
Article 8 of the Batteries Regulation ((EU) 2023/1542) sets out an obligation for manufacturers of industrial batteries with a capacity greater than 2 kWh to issue documentation on the percentage share of cobalt, lith...
This report presents a new shell finite element formulation suited for simulations of structures subjected to fast dynamic loads. The formulation was implemented in numerical simulation software EUROPLEXUS and tested ...
The Digital Services Act benefits students, educators and educational institutions by enhancing the safety and transparency of the overall digital environment, as it establishes obligations on providers of digital int...
This study examines the policy opportunity and technical feasibility of establishing an EU-level registry for the expression of Text and Data Mining (TDM) opt-outs under Article 4(3) of the Directive on Copyright in t...
In recent years, the confluence of artificial intelligence and public health has paved the way for unprecedented advancements in epidemic intelligence and health threat surveillance. This technical report, titled “R...
If Europe is to deploy a scaled pan-European hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) network by 2030, as mandated under AFIR and as needed to decarbonise Europe’s roads, there is an urgent need to unlock scaled private fi...
This report describes the use-cases and identify the user-requirements for the charging infrastructure eco-system in Europe. It highlights information which is worth to consider for decision making of an effective and...
The report first outlines the main barriers hindering uptake, crucially, the limited demand for hydrogen vehicles largely driven by the unfavourable total cost of ownership compared to conventional vehicles and the li...
The automotive industry is currently undergoing a significant shift away from fossil fuels towards cleaner and more sustainable solutions. Some of these solutions are hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combusti...
This document constitutes the final deliverable of Task Force 2 within the Sustainable Transport Forum (STF) subgroup on heavy-duty vehicles. The primary objective of this deliverable is to identify and quantify the a...
This document examines the development and implementation of the Megawatt Charging System (MCS) for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), contrasting it with the existing Combined Charging System (CCS) Type 2 and outlining step...
This report describes the use-cases and identify the user-requirements for the charging infrastructure eco-system in Europe. It highlights information which is worth to consider for decision making of an effective and...
This consolidated annual activity report, established in accordance with Article 26 of Council Regulation (EU) 2021/2085 of 19 November 2021 as last amended by Council Regulation 2023/1782 of 25 July 2023 establishing...
Solar panels disguised as ancient Roman tiles or designed to blend into historic skylines: Pompeii and Évora are proving that heritage preservation and sustainability can go hand in hand.
The Replication Roadmap will provide a practical framework to support the transfer, adaptation, and scaling of NBSINFRA approaches to other climate-vulnerable territories through practical tools, validated frameworks,...
The self-learning toolkit for community engagement and the co-creation of NBS represents a new framework for social practice that examines social dynamics alongside the socio-economic, cultural, and geographic context...
NBSAPI is a digital bridge for sharing data on nature-based projects. It provides a standardized way to track how green solutions cool cities, filter water, and provide economic benefits. It helps professionals build ...
The NBSINFRA Digital Twin Framework provides a blueprint for creating digital replicas of urban environments in which nature-based solutions are implemented, integrating data from sensors and satellites to enable perf...
The construction industry accounts almost 40% of global CO2 emissions. A tenth of those are the result of erecting and destroying buildings. The use and reuse of timber – more climate-friendly than concrete and stee...
The Resilience and Sustainability Quantification Framework, developed within the NBSINFRA EU-funded project, is a comprehensive methodological framework for assessing the urban resilience and sustainability of urban g...
This report projects the inflows and outflows of the EU budget in accordance with Article 253(1)(c) of the Financial Regulation. This sixth edition forecasts the revenue and expenditure stemming from the Multiannual F...
China produces more than 80% of the world's battery cells, while Europe struggles to scale up manufacturing in a booming market. As industrial ambitions face mounting challenges, digital twins and virtual testing offe...
This brochure highlights EU-funded projects supporting the integration of biodiversity into business, finance, and economic decision-making. As biodiversity loss increasingly threatens competitiveness, resilience, and...
This report is the response to a policy request submitted by DG Environment to the EC Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity (KCBD) through the KCBD ticketing system. KCBD assigned this to the BioAgora project, to be answe...
This study examines the growing financialisation of housing in the EU, focusing on the role of institutional investors and corporate landlords in rental housing markets. It identifies two forms of speculation: valuati...
Croatia’s migration landscape has changed rapidly over the past decade. Traditionally a country of emigration and a transit route along the Western Balkan migration corridor, Croatia is increasingly becoming a desti...
The Bioeconomy Strategy has strong potential to drive growth, sustainability and innovation. However, without deliberate corrective action, it is more likely to generate unintended environmental harm and amplify exist...
The Consolidated Annual Activity Report (CAAR) 2025 of the EU Agency for Railways (ERA) is prepared in line with the provisions of the Agency Regulation (EU) No. 796/2016 and those of the Agency Financial Regulation (...
The unemployment rate across the European Union has fallen to historic lows. After years of persistent decline, the average unemployment rate is now around 6%, down from nearly 12% at its peak in 2013. Looking ahead, ...
The year is 2030. Data centres feed AI systems from space, while on Earth robots routinely conduct reconnaissance and fight alongside human soldiers. Britain has rejoined the European Union, and Russia has made peace ...
The proposed revision of the Eurojust Regulation will modernise the Agency’s mandate and strengthen its role in tackling serious cross-border crime. It will make judicial cooperation faster, more operational and mor...
This paper uses observed patterns of trade and production to infer levels and growth paths (2010-2022) of productivity (“revealed competitiveness”) in the Baltic countries and comparators. In doing so, it makes us...
On 14 July 2021 the European Commission published the Fit-for-55 package which seeks to cut EU carbon emissions by 55% by 2030. Transport will be a key sector to cut emissions. This will have significant implications ...
As companies such as Uber and Airbnb make the headlines more and more frequently, they are shining a light on innovative types of economic model. They are the most renowned names within the sharing or collaborative ec...
The Commission’s position on climate trends is that immediate and decisive climate action is essential. Unrestrained climate change not only has an impact on the environment, but will have severe consequences for th...
Strong environmental protection is an essential part of the transition towards a low-carbon, climate-neutral, resource-efficient and biodiverse economy, as highlighted in the Commission's Reflection Paper on a Sustain...
Local and regional authorities define, deliver and manage a whole range of services that can make a positive difference and affect how people use cross-border health services, as well as face threats. Through smart he...
Following the full-scale attack of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in February 2022, a number of sanctions against Russia have been put in place by the EU and other countries around the world. The crisis has le...
Outdoor education refers to experiential learning1 activities that take place in outdoor settings, ranging from short outdoor lessons to multi-day residential programmes. Outdoor education offers a powerful pedagogica...
This policy brief examines how the green transition is reshaping labour demand, with a focus on emerging occupations in clean energy technology and associated skill needs in the European Union. Drawing on data from on...
This Cedefop Insight examines how recognition of foreign VET qualifications and related validation arrangements are organised across the EU-27, Norway and Iceland. Drawing on a comparative mapping of national legislat...
Labels are becoming a key policy instrument for providing information to people. However, their development and implementation are only partially based on rigorous scientific evidence. The goal of this report is to pr...
This briefing, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI), provides a legal assessment ...
This is a flash report documenting the Industry 5.0 Community of Practice (CoP) Plenary Session held on 20 March 2026 in Brussels with 125 participants. The report summarises the event, including keynote speeches, pan...
This report provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of the current implementation status of the CCC Basic between the national training authorities. Furthermore, it brings an insight into the competences that...
This Briefing critically analyses the new EU Anti-Racism Strategy 2026-2030 (the Strategy) which was launched by the European Commission in January 2026. The Briefing situates the Strategy within the landscape of the ...
This briefing assesses the unexploited potential of Directive 2011/24/EU on patients’ rights in crossborder healthcare over the period 2015-2026 and proposes targeted reforms. The analysis focuses on National Contac...
The present CoR Annual Operational Plan covers the year 2026 and is marked by: - The priorities of political nature outlined in the resolution adopted on 15 May 2025 where the European Committee of the Regions (CoR) r...
Child poverty in the EU remains persistently high. Progress towards the 2030 objective of reducing the number of children at risk of poverty or social exclusion by at least 5 million has stalled. Nearly one in four ch...
Following the outcome of the referendum held on 23 June 2016, the UK Government formally invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on 29 March 2017, which triggered the launch of the two-year period to conclu...
Proactive public services (PPS) – that is, services that are initiated by public administrations without a prior request from citizens or businesses – are increasingly discussed as a way to reduce administrative b...
Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) build on a long history of use in industrial processes. With the help of technological advances like gene editing and other new genomic techniques, GMMs are being tailored to...
EFSA is an agency of the European Union set up in 2002 to serve as an impartial source of scientific advice to risk managers and to communicate on risks associated with the food chain. EFSA cooperates with interested ...
This report evaluates how biologging (electronic devices deployed on individual animals that record movement, behaviour and physiology) can support livestock identification and traceability in the framework of existin...
This final report analyses the relevance, use, and overall impact of Anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (AFADs) on juvenile tuna and the environment, with a particular focus on the Indian Ocean. The study was commissio...
The objectives of this analysis are to provide: an assessment of the contribution, or lack of contribution, of the current EU legislation to durability of digital products; an assessment of the most effective solution...
The rollout of charging infrastructure for electric heavy-duty vehicles (eHDVs) is now visibly underway across Europe, with growing number of eHDVs appearing on major highways. This marks the beginning of a major tran...
If Europe is to deploy a scaled pan-European hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) network by 2030, as mandated under AFIR and as needed to decarbonise Europe’s roads, there is an urgent need to unlock scaled private fi...
The goal of this report has been to gather different perspectives on ERS. The majority of the report has been written by actors within the ERS industry, but to ensure credibility all arguments have references from res...
This report describes the use-cases and identify the user-requirements for the charging infrastructure eco-system in Europe. It highlights information which is worth to consider for decision making of an effective and...
The report first outlines the main barriers hindering uptake, crucially, the limited demand for hydrogen vehicles largely driven by the unfavourable total cost of ownership compared to conventional vehicles and the li...
The automotive industry is currently undergoing a significant shift away from fossil fuels towards cleaner and more sustainable solutions. Some of these solutions are hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combusti...
This document constitutes the final deliverable of Task Force 2 within the Sustainable Transport Forum (STF) subgroup on heavy-duty vehicles. The primary objective of this deliverable is to identify and quantify the a...
This document examines the development and implementation of the Megawatt Charging System (MCS) for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), contrasting it with the existing Combined Charging System (CCS) Type 2 and outlining step...
This report describes the use-cases and identify the user-requirements for the charging infrastructure eco-system in Europe. It highlights information which is worth to consider for decision making of an effective and...
The development of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) began in the 1950s and recently matured in a military context. RPAS are now entering the civil market, opening up a promising new chapter in the history of a...
This study examines the possible long‑term trajectories of the European railway system by analysing the trends, drivers, and uncertainties shaping its evolution towards 2050. It explores how emerging technological, ...