This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of Bulgaria's public research system, focusing on addressing fragmentation issues. It identifies key challenges including underfunding, excessive organisational fragment...
This study presents a novel complexity-based framework to analyse fragmentation in the EU’s R&I system, highlighting hub connectivity as a critical factor. Drawing on extensive patent and publication data (2000–20...
This paper examines ECB monetary policy amid rising international uncertainty. We focus on three global risks: renewed trade protectionism, euro appreciation, and US fiscal fragility. Using inflation forecasts and sur...
This report intends to support the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications in the definition of a most appropriate structure for the Ukrainian Heritage Fund, that was identified by the Uzhhorod Decl...
The transition to clean energy technologies requires increased amounts of critical raw materials. Advanced materials (materials rationally designed to have new or enhanced properties) can potentially reduce dependence...
The project focuses on transforming cooking practices in Rwanda through locally produced, affordable, and efficient cookstoves. It has scaled up production and distribution of clean cookstoves, integrating circular ec...
The document describes the architecture and technical specifications of the Release 1 of the European Digital Testing Environment (EU DTE), which is configured as an instance of the Interoperability Test Bed (ITB).
The work of the Office for the years 2025 to 2029 is centred around its strategic objectives. Seven thematic specific objectives, i.e. a public procurement data space, a European open data space, connecting and preser...
One of the key elements in the learning process is the instruction time available to students. In fact, not only the quality of instruction but also the time spent for learning can have a positive effect on students...
The expanded use of performance-based instruments, notably as used in the Recovery and Resilience Facility, requires adaptation of budgetary control. This study examines how key changes, such as financing not linked t...
This report outlines recommendations and proposals to support the development of performance and durability minimum requirements applicable to rechargeable industrial batteries>2kWh, except those with exclusively ext...
This final report presents the results of the Fact-finding study on passenger rights in bus and coach transport. The study aimed to assist the European Commission in assessing the evolution of the bus and coach market...
This report describes the legal background and the operational laboratory support context in which the implementation of the European Reference laboratories (from here on ‘EURLs’) for public health take place. It ...
This study is designed to clarify how GenAI systems interact with copyright – technically, legally, and economically. It examines how copyright-protected content is used in training models, what the applicable EU le...
Drawing on its rich country-level skills intelligence, Cedefop develops its Spotlights on jobs and skills for EU-27 Member States, Iceland and Norway. The Spotlights provide insights into the current labour market lan...
This research paper examines the evolving landscape of digital trade and its impact on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union (EU). As digitalisation transforms global commerce, EU SMEs face s...
The EU Regulation on Deforestation-free Products (Regulation (EU) 2023/1115, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Regulation’, ‘this Regulation’, or ‘EUDR’) introduces obligations to operators and traders relat...
Bottrop (Germany) is a leading example of a former coal-mining, highly industrialised city that has combined a future-oriented transition process with ambitious CO2 mitigation targets. The holistic approach builds on ...
This Economic Brief analyses the euro area fiscal stance, i.e. the impulse that national and the EU budgets provide to the euro area economy, with a focus on the 2024-2026 period. In the euro area, the European Centra...
This study covered the whole EU through information and data gathered during the desk research and the interviews with EU umbrella organisations. The national fieldwork focused on a sample of 18 EU Member States, name...
This document provides a description of the methodology for the integration of institutional (HEI-level) data in the European Higher Education Sector Observatory (EHESO), including publication and patent data, data on...
Why an EU Mission on cancer? Because cancer affects us all, creating a ripple effect that burdens families, societies, and economies. Every year the EU sees: 2.7 million new cancer diagnoses; 1.3 million lives lost; ...
This report evaluates methods from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and fisheries science concerning the impacts of fishing on exploited stocks and the seabed, using three case studies to assess feasibility and make recomm...
This is the main body of the Work Programme. It describes what the agency aims to deliver through its operational and corporate activities during the year 2025 towards achieving its strategy and expected results. A to...
In the EU, femicide data is primarily derived from homicide statistics, which mainly allow for the identification of femicides committed by intimate partners or family members. This approach underestimates the true ex...
This publication examines how digitalisation supports firms in developing effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Drawing on extensive survey data, it highlights that digitally advanced firms ar...
We commit to develop the Alliance into the most credible and useful collaboration platform for supporting the role and needs of Ukrainian and EU Local and Regional Authorities (LRAs) in the context of Ukraine’s reco...
This report provides a review of the START (Secretariat Technical Assistance for Regions in Transition) programme that has been delivered as part of DG ENER’s EU Coal Regions in Transition Initiative (CRiT) between ...
Energy efficiency plays a crucial role in the EU’s decarbonization efforts. However, compared to other key drivers such as the expansion of renewable energy and the reduction of fossil fuel reliance, progress in ene...
The proposed conceptual framework aims at assessing social risks, impacts and benefits generated by hydrogen technologies and their value chains, addressing technologies at different Technology Readiness Levels. Risks...
This document represents the deliverable ‘First Technical Report’ for the project Study on Technical Assistance in support of implementing Article 12(5) of Directive 2023/1791 on the energy performance and sustain...
This report explores how public administrations can foster more effective collaboration by intentionally shaping the behaviours, routines, and mindsets of public servants. Drawing on cutting-edge insights from cogniti...
EU Missions are large-scale initiatives under Horizon Europe designed to tackle major global challenges, such as climate change, cancer, soil health, ocean restoration, and the development of climate-neutral and smart...
Regulation 1370/2007, as amended by the Fourth Railway Package, set the date of 25 December 2023 for the opening to competition of services subject to public service obligations. As opposed to the model of “competit...
The European Commission highlights hydrogen as an important energy carrier and chemical feedstock that could help decarbonise sectors otherwise deemed hard-to-abate. Europe’s existing natural gas grid is seen as a p...
Are European municipalities ready to lead the green and social infrastructure transition? The EIB Municipalities Survey 2024–2025 sheds light on this key question by analysing data from over 1,000 municipalities acr...
This study assesses whether vertically integrated rail undertakings (VIUs) across EU Member States comply with the principles of transparency, non-discrimination, and fair competition as outlined in Directive 2012/34/...
The objective of this study is to: - investigate the potential for the voluntary carbon market (VCM) to contribute to biodiversity conservation and restoration objectives, through implementing high integrity requireme...
The European Crisis Management Laboratory (ECML) Mapping Team, at the Joint Research Centre (JRC), supports the Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) with critical information. The team works on a daily basis ...
Public health authorities and vaccination programme managers pay close attention to epidemiological trends relating to suboptimal vaccination coverage, for example by analysing vaccination coverage rates by factors su...
This report analyses the results of stakeholder consultations conducted by the EU AI Office regarding two critical aspects of AI regulation: the definition of AI systems and prohibited AI applications (European Commis...
Overall good yield prospects at the EU level are sustained by exceptionally high expectations in Spain, Portugal, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and also the Baltics. A persisting water deficit is increasingly affecting yi...
This analytical report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the available literature on the economic returns on higher education across different regions and demographic groups, both globally and particularly w...
This report maps the use level of Earth observations (EO, satellite observations) in ecological status assessment for WFD (ES). Altogether 45 experts from 22 European countries replied to a survey, and 100 participant...
The beginnings of the European Union date back to the 1950s, when six countries devastated by the Second World War committed themselves to working together to prevent further conflicts and build their joint future in ...
A sound, resilient banking sector that efficiently allocates capital is essential for EU competitiveness. To achieve it, the EU should primarily focus on completing the banking union. It should also simplify capital a...
This report explores supportive measures for enhanced textile waste management in the EU-27, with a long-term perspective. It assesses the feasibility of three policy measures by describing their modalities and evalua...
The European Parliament is vested with powers of democratic oversight and political scrutiny vis-à-vis the European Commission. These powers of Parliament enhance the democratic legitimacy of the EU as a whole, and h...
This Policy Brief reviews the experience of the European Citizens Panel (ECP) set up by the European Commission in the context of the preparation of its proposals for the next EU budget. It examines the modalities and...
Use of trade data can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of strategic trade control efforts. By understanding national and global trade in strategic commodities, officials can better focus their trade control ef...
This is the first edition of the European business statistics methodological manual for business demography statistics. It contains guidance for compiling and interpreting comparable and harmonised data on the busines...
The adoption of offsite construction in the EU is gradually increasing, particularly in Northern and Western countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, France, Austria and the Nordics. However, conventional ...
The EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) aims to standardise content moderation through a ‘trusted flagger’ system. However, inconsistent pre-DSA usage of the term ‘trusted flaggers’ by platforms like Meta and Yo...
The 2024 Annual Activity Report of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) highlights our key achievements, challenges, and progress in delivering this mission. Throughout the year, we remained committed to Strategy...
The European Climate Law mandates the European Union’s climate neutrality objectives by 2050, aligning with the European Green Deal and interim greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. The Agriculture, Fores...
Effective risk management and oversight of technological risks require the judicious application of lessons learned to prevent future technological incidents and control their impacts. In this respect, the number and ...
An estimated 2 334 662 people are living with HIV in Europe and Central Asia, 1 944 695 of whom (83%; range 65–100%) have been diagnosed. In 2023, 110 486 people were diagnosed with HIV in the WHO European the regio...
This paper studies how Treasury market dynamics depend on adjustments to the central bank balance sheet. We introduce a dynamic model of Treasury bonds with traditional and shadow banks. In the model, both Treasury an...
Because of demographic and fiscal challenges, supplementary pensions are becoming increasingly important to ensure adequate retirement income for EU citizens. In this context, the EU has set minimum requirements for s...
Cedefop’s work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, w...
Cedefop’s work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, w...
The Norwegian NQF for lifelong learning (Nasjonalt kvalifikasjonsrammeverk for livslang læring NKR) was referenced to the EQF in 2014, alongside its self-certification to the qualifications frameworks in the European...
The EU 2040 target aims to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by 90%, compared to 1990 levels. It is a critical milestone towards achieving a climate neutral economy by 2050. It also proposes a different way for the ...
While the EU’s agricultural sector faces multiple challenges, the climate challenges of farmers and rural areas are daunting. Business as usual is not an option and novel policy action should be launched during this...
This paper investigates the impact of foreign exchange (FX) shocks on income inequality across 31 European countries from 2003 to 2021. Leveraging a unique database of household-level longitudinal data from the Europe...
This annual activity report is a management report of the Director-General of the Publications Office to the College of Commissioners. Annual activity reports are the main instrument of management accountability withi...
We characterize optimal monetary policy under state-dependent pricing. The framework gives rise to nonlinear inflation dynamics: The flexibility of the price level increases after large shocks due to an endogenous ris...
The Consolidated Annual Activity Report (CAAR) 2024 of the EU Agency for Railways (ERA) is prepared in line with the provisions of the Agency Regulation (EU) No. 796/2016 and those of the Agency Financial Regulation (...
The purpose of this study is to support the European Commission in conducting the interim evaluation of the 2021-2030 strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training towards the European Educati...
Policymakers should increasingly support their decisions through rigorous synthesis of the available scientific evidence. In several scientific fields, meta-analysis (MA) has become a gold standard quantitative method...
The study focuses on the deployment of renewable and low-carbon gases in the Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP) region, focusing on the 8 BEMIP Member States (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia,...
Vocational education and training (VET) is key to ensuring that both young people entering employment and adult workers have the skills to contribute to and fully benefit from the green transition. ‘Greening’ VET ...
Ullmanna s.r.o., a Czech-based start-up founded in 2019, leverages artificial intelligence (AI) to develop precision agriculture solutions, tackling key challenges faced by farmers. The company’s goal is to revoluti...
In the global push for cleaner energy, reducing development time is key to lowering costs, improving efficiency, and staying competitive. Nowhere is this clearer than in the battery sector — where digital tools, AI,...
Transnational repression arises when foreign governments reach across national borders to coerce, control and silence individuals in other countries using a broad range of methods, ranging from digital surveillance to...
The objectives of the 3 Billion Trees Pledge must align with national and regional conservation strategies to ensure coherence. Inconsistent implementation of EU forest and biodiversity strategies at Member State leve...
On 8 December 2022 the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) adopted the Council On 8 December 2022 the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) adopted t...
Kites are no longer just toys, but pioneering tools to exploit the untapped potential of wind energy. Lightweight, mobile, and ideal for remote or off-grid areas, they require up to 90% less material than traditional ...
Renewables are booming, but without modernising grids, clean power risks going nowhere. Solid-State Transformers help networks handle fast, decentralised electricity flows. Without them, experts warn, the energy trans...
Exploring resident engagement, energy innovation, and inclusive design: insights from the DEDALUS workshop at #ISHF 2025 on how co-creation, reflexive governance, and empowerment can reshape social housing across Europe.
Brussels, 26 June 2025 — As the EU establishes its Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA) and accelerates work on the implementation of the new EU AML/CFT package, the Data & Technology for Compliance (DT4C) Allianc...